For over a year we have been tracking the provisions relating to Qualified Opportunity Zones, a new code section added to the IRC through the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act at the end of 2017. Going into 2020, the IRS has issued Final Regulations which answer some of the burning questions that we have carried over the past year. These regulations were released on December 19, 2019, and we have summarized the key elements of these regulations below. Background As many of you are aware, Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZ) allow taxpayers to invest in a Qualified Opportunity Fund (QOF) as a mechanism for capital gain deferral. Taxpayers are permitted to invest capital gains in QOFs allowing for capital gain deferral until 2026 so long as those gains are invested in a QOF within 180 days of gain recognition and the QOF invests 90 percent of its capital in a QOZ property. Taxpayers who hold investments in a QOF for at least five years may exclude 10 percent of the originally deferred gain, and investments held for more than seven years qualify for an additional five percent exclusion of their originally deferred gain. At this point in time the taxpayer will pay the applicable tax due on the original deferred gain, but as a result, will have full basis in the QOF investment. In what could be the most attractive feature of the new law, after 10 years of holding the investment, post-acquisition appreciation is 100 percent excluded from taxable income for federal tax purposes. This post-appreciation gain exclusion initiative has been incorporated by many state’s own income tax laws, with California and Massachusetts being the only two current notable outliers. December 19, 2020, Final Regulations These final regulations combine the two previously reported rounds of released proposed regulations and provide much needed clarity and additional rules based on public comments provided to the Service. The final regulations are generally effective March 13, 2020, for tax years ending after December 31, 2017. Taxpayers are permitted to choose to rely on these regulations prior to this date if they so choose. The regulations are now split into two distinct sections and included much needed information on the following:

1. Timing of eligible gains
2. Working capital safe harbor
3. Substantial improvement
4. Basis adjustments for QOF held for at least 10 years

  Timing of Eligible Gains Eligible gain that is to be deferred must be invested within a 180-day period. In general, this period begins on the day on which the gain would be recognized for federal income tax purposes but for an election to defer the gain. The 180-day period with respect to net gain from §1256 contracts that were not part of a straddle begins on the last day of the tax year in which the gain would otherwise be recognized. The final regulations, in contrast with the proposed regulations, provide that the 180-day period with respect to qualified capital gain net income from §1231 property begins on the date of the sale or exchange that gives rise to the eligible §1231 gain (that is, on the date the gain would be recognized for federal income tax purposes if the eligible taxpayer did not elect to defer the gain under §1400Z-2(a)). In the context of a partnership or other pass-through entity, the entity itself can make an election to defer capital gain through investment in a QOF, or, if and to the extent that the entity does not make that election, the partners can make the election with respect to their distributive shares of the capital gain. Generally, if a partner’s distributive share includes eligible gains with respect to the partner, then the 180- day period for the partner begins on the last day of the partnership’s taxable year. However, the regulations also provide that if a partner knows (or receives information) regarding both the date of the partnership’s gain and the partnership’s decision not to elect deferral, the partner may elect to begin its own 180-day period on the same date as the start of the partnership’s 180-day period. A 180-day election for partners of a partnership, shareholders of an S corporation, beneficiaries of decedents’ estates, and beneficiaries of non-grantor trusts, with the option to treat the 180-day period as commencing on the due date of the entity’s tax return, not including extensions is provided in the final regulations. However, the final regulations do not provide this election for beneficiaries of grantor trusts, because the grantor(s) are treated as owners of the grantor trust’s property for federal tax purposes. For example, the 180-day period for a partner of a calendar year partnership making this election would begin on March 15 of the subsequent calendar year. To address the treatment of gains from installment sales the final regulations, allow eligible taxpayers with installment sales to choose the 180-day period to begin on either the date a payment under an installment sale is received in a tax year, or on the last day of the tax year in which the taxpayer would first recognize gain on the installment sale. Thus, a taxpayer may elect to treat each installment payment under an installment sale as giving rise to a 180-day period for that installment payment, and a taxpayer may have multiple 180-day periods for gain related to the installment sale. The final regulations provide that the 180-day period for investing gain from an inclusion event begins on the date of the inclusion event. Working Capital Safe Harbor A safe harbor provision is provided in the final regulations with regards to working capital stating that tangible assets can benefit from up to a 62-month safe harbor (through a combination of two 31-month safe harbor provisions the taxpayer may be eligible for). Additionally, the final regulations state that there is a 24-month period that may be granted to taxpayers whose QOZ property is located in a federal disaster area. The final regulations also provide clarity regarding the treatment of in-progress assets and gross income generated by working capital safe harbor assets during the safe harbor period, and confirmed that these assets and income will be treated as used in a trade or business and generated from a trade or business during the safe harbor. With additional clarity provided on these key concepts there likely could be an uptick in capital infusions to multi-asset QOZ Fund investment strategies that include operating entities located in a zone. Substantial Improvement The final regulations elaborated on the aggregation rules, which will replace the asset-by-asset approach for purposes of determining whether the property has been sufficiently improved. The final regulations explain that buildings located entirely within a single parcel of land can be aggregated into a single property. In addition, multiple buildings located within adjoining parcels of land can be treated as a single property if:

• The buildings are operated exclusively by the QOF or the QOZB,
• The buildings share facilities or significant centralized business elements, and
• The buildings are operated in coordination with or reliance upon one or more trades or businesses.

  Tangible property that is purchased, leased or improved by a trade or business that has undergone the required substantial improvements will qualify as QOZ business property for the 30-month substantial improvement period in the final regulations. This property will qualify so long as there is a reasonable expectation that the property will be substantially improved and used in the trade or business in a QOZ by the end of the 30-month period. The previously issued guidance surrounding related party leasing arrangements is still applicable to this type of property. Original Use Qualification and Vacancy Period In addition, there was clarity provided on how periods of vacancy would aid in meeting the definition of the original use of the property. There was a reduction in the required vacancy period outlined in the proposed regulations five years to one year. This would make the property eligible so long as the property was vacant one year before its QOZ designation and it remained vacant through the date it was purchased by a QOZ fund or a QOZ business. The vacancy definition will be met by land or buildings so long as the property is less than 20% utilized. Basis Adjustments for QOF Held for at Least 10 Years The proposed regulations stated that a passthrough QOF that was beyond the 10-year holding period would be permitted to sell property, including investments in a QOZ business and exclude any capital gain resulting from the sale. The final regulations have expanded this provision to allow the exclusion of all gains, not just capital gains, aside from any gains on the sale of inventory in the ordinary course of business. This a substantial taxpayer friendlier determination. The final regulations also provide guidance for calculating the basis step-up for sales of partnership interests, clarifying that a partners stepped up basis in a QOF partnership following this 10-year election is equal to the net FMV of the interest including that partners share of partnership debt in relation to the interest. Conclusion The rules relating to QOZ have been expanding since the TCJA, and the IRS has indicated they will continue to monitor the interaction of QOZ’s and existing credits and incentives at the federal level. Additional guidance is expected in the future including the Internal Revenue Service tax reporting forms. Although taxpayers may rely on these regulations it is not expected that the final regulations will be published in the Federal Register in 2020. We will update you as more information becomes available.

On April 17, 2019 the U.S. Treasury released its newest and most highly anticipated proposed Regulations covering Opportunity Zones. Many investors, as well as legal, accounting, and financial professionals, sought clarification on a cadre of issues related to Opportunity Zones operations and specific definitions including:

• Timing and amount of the deferred gain that is included in income
• Treatment of leased property used by a quality opportunity business
• Qualified Opportunity Zone (“QOZ”) business gross receipts testing
• The “reasonable period” test for a Qualified Opportunity Fund (“QOF”) to reinvest proceeds from a qualified asset sale penalty-free

Timing and amount of the deferred gain that is included in income The proposed regulations state that a gain deferred with an equity investment in a QOF will be recognized when they are sold or exchanged by December 31, 2026, whichever came first. While the timing related to the end of tax year 2026 is straightforward, the proposed regulations more clearly define sold or exchange in relation to this timing matter. The intent being to inhibit investors from decreasing their investment level. Distributions of cash and other defined properties are now also gain triggering events. There are different definitions for various entities and as to how an inclusion event is calculated. Transfers by gift will generally be considered inclusion events with the exception of gifts to grantor trusts, since the granter reports the income earned from those trusts. Contrary to the gift rule, most transfers caused by death to an estate and then subsequently to individual beneficiaries or to trusts are not considered inclusion events. When the deferred gain of property received upon death prior to December 31, 2026 is included in income on the earlier of a disposition or December 31, 2026, the income will be treated as income in respect of a decedent. Distributions in excess of basis will also trigger gain recognition. Treatment of leased property used by quality opportunity business In order to meet the substantially all“70% asset” test, a QOF can include QOZ business property. The property must be tangible, its original use in line with QOZ business where it is being used, or the QOF business must substantially improve the property. Additionally, substantially all the assets businesses use must take place within QOZ. The proposed regulations remove the substantial improvement requirement for leased tangible property, as most taxpayers do not have basis in leased property. Further, leased property does not carry the requirement to originate from an unrelated lessor. Opposingly, the sale of tangible property must be from an unrelated party in order to qualify for deferral. The proposed regulations also address certain aspects of lease terms. The lease in place must be at market value. It should be noted that if lessee and lessor are related, the property will not qualify for treatment as QOF property if the lease terms allow for a prepayment of fees in excess of 12 months. Leased real property is also addressed. If the lease for real property is entered into and at the time there is an expectation that the real property will be sold to the QOF for any amount other than fair market value, the real property will be excluded from the definition of QOF business property. These sections give example to the Treasury’s effort to reduce benefits relayed to related parties via preferential terms of lease arrangements. Qualified Opportunity Zone (“QOZ”) business gross receipts testing One of the more highly anticipated sections of the proposed regulations involves gross receipts testing. To meet the qualified business entity definition any entity must derive half of its gross income from the active trade or business within the QOZ. We have been provided with three safe harbor tests, the first of which is based on service hours. If 50% of the service hours performed by employees or independent contractors falls within the QOZ, then the test is passed. The second test is the same 50% threshold, but here the metrics being measured are the amounts being paid to employees or independent contractors operating within the QOZ. If this test is met, then the business meets the 50% gross receipts test. The third safe harbor test states that if the tangible property and the management and operational functions of the business needed to generate 50% of the gross receipts are located within the zone, then the 50% gross receipts test has been met. This last safe harbor test is especially important for potential QOZ business opportunities such as manufacturing. Before the issuance of this batch of regulations, there was concern that if a manufacturing operation located within a zone created a product, and then shipped those products to customers outside of a zone, those receipts may not be eligible for the test. The third safe harbor clearly addresses this concern and give thresholds to test the ratio of the QOZ assets to total assets in service. Lastly, there is a facts and circumstances test allotted to address uncommon conditions business arrangements where more than 50% of receipts are derived from a QOZ. The “reasonable period” test for a Qualified Opportunity Fund (“QOF”) to reinvest proceeds from a qualified asset sale penalty-free Prior to these proposed regulations, many taxpayers wanted to know what the definition of a reasonable amount of time meant in the context of reinvesting proceeds stemming from a QOF investment sale, as well the treatment of a potential gain from that sale. The proceeds from such a sale will continue to qualify for the substantially all assets, or 90% test so long as they are reinvested within 12 months of the date of the sale. Furthermore, during that 12-month grace period, the proceeds must remain rather liquid. The proceeds can only be held in liquid forms, such as cash, equivalents, or debt termed at 18 months or less. This doesn’t allow for Opportunity Funds to use proceeds from QOF investment sales for any lengthy period for any assets outside of very liquid assets. This regulation aims to be a preventative measure put in place to halt the removal of funds from bona fide QOF investments for alternative, “non-qualified” investments. While we wait for the Treasury to finalize these proposed regulations the general consensus to these provisions is largely taxpayer friendly among many investors, both individuals and institutions. The Treasury used its ability in interpreting the legislation to make the law more able to be utilized by operating entities. The benefits of a real estate based QOZ investment were more clearly defined in previously issued rounds of regulations. Those more clearly defined benefits have led to more REIT, or real estate-focused, investment products being brought to market. Now operating entities have had additional clarity provided as to the specific advantages they are afforded by these new Regs. This could very well catalyze the infusion of capital raised by private equity and venture capital earmarked for the creation of their own respective fund meant to invest in QOZ businesses. General prudence and due diligence should still be administered when making investments in any QOFs. The overall quality of the underlying assets of the investment must have merit primarily as a sound investment, regardless of tax-benefits. Please contact Anthony Giacalone at AGiacalone@hbkcpa.com with any questions you may have regarding Opportunity Zones.

Of the many changes that came from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“The TCJA”), Qualified Opportunity Zones (“QOZ”) have been one of the most talked about provisions as the 2018 tax season progresses. As a recap, through QOZs, taxpayers may elect to temporarily defer the tax to be paid on capital gains until the 2026 tax year that are invested in a Qualified Opportunity Fund (“QOF”) within 180 days of gain recognition, the QOF must invest 90 percent of its capital in QOZ Property. Taxpayers who hold investments in a QOF for at least five years may exclude 10 percent of the original deferred gain, and investments held for more than seven years qualify for an additional five percent exclusion of their original deferred gain. In what could be the most attractive feature of the new law, after 10 years, post-acquisition appreciation is 100 percent excluded from taxable income for federal tax purposes. Many states are still evaluating how they are going to deal with the new QOZ rules.

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